Optyka

$\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y}$

$\frac{1}{f} = (\frac{n_{socz}}{n_{otocz}} - 1) (\frac{1}{R_{1}} + \frac{1}{R_{2}})$

$f = \frac{R}{2}$

$Z = \frac{1}{f}$

$\sin α_{gr} = \frac{1}{n}$

$tg α_{B} = n$